The Psychology Of Sexual Orientations - 934 Words

The Psychology of Sexual Orientations Throughout the history of humans, people have been having sex. It’s obviously necessary for the continuation of humans as a species. But it definitely hasn’t been for just reproductive purposes. People have been engaging in same-gender sex for probably as long as humans have been around. However, the terms we think of today when we think of different sexual orientations didn’t get coined until the 19th and 20th centuries. And with these terms came huge stigma that still exists today. There are many different sexual orientations that people identify as (including heterosexuality, homosexuality, bisexuality, as well as many others); the orientations that do not coincide with what people viewed as normal were originally given classification as mental disorders. The most common sexual orientation, regardless of culture, is heterosexuality. This is defined as a sexual orientation in which an individual is generally sexually attracted to members of the opposite sex. A Centers for Disease Control national survey â€Å"reported that the percentage of Americans who identify themselves as heterosexual was 90 percent for men and women† (King, 2011, p. 363). This orientation is also considered by many people, cultures and religion throughout history and into the present as being the â€Å"normal† and â€Å"natural† orientation, with the idea that any deviation from heterosexuality is unnatural, a choice, and a thing that needs to be corrected. This belief,Show MoreRelatedPersonality and Sexual Orientation Essay1158 Words   |  5 PagesHypothesis: Sexual orientation has an effect on one’s personality, even at birth. My Initial Hypothesis I believe that sexual orientation is not something that is learned. I believe that from the time we are born, we have imbedded in our minds our sexual preferences. I do not believe that a gay man is gay because of the choices that he has made in his life. I believe that he was born gay, but the choices and his environment have only reinforced it. Attachment is something that affects childrenRead More Nurture and Nature - Influence of Parents on Childrens Sexual Orientation754 Words   |  4 PagesInfluence of Parents on Childrens Sexual Orientation      Ã‚  Ã‚   Do parents influence their childrens sexuality?   The answer may surprise you: no they do not.   It has been found that about 90% of sons of gay fathers are heterosexual (Bailey 124).   It was also found that 90% of daughters of lesbian women are also heterosexual (Golombok 4).   According to a poll taken by Northwestern University almost 95% of people expect children of homosexual parents to be homosexual themselves (BaileyRead MoreReview of Psychology and Christianity 5 Views Essay1165 Words   |  5 PagesAssessment 1 Assessment 1 What does psychology have to do with the Christian faith? In Psychology and Christianity: Five Views, by Myers, Jones, Roberts, Watson, Coe, Hall, and Powlison (2010) is an introductory textbook for Christian psychology that provides sound arguments for an array of positions on psychology and faith. Each author contributed an essay and in return the other essayist respond by either agreeing or disagreeing by pointing out faults and explaining why. The first positionRead MoreIs Human Sexuality The Result Of Nature Or Nurture?1153 Words   |  5 PagesWith regards to human sexuality, both nature and nurture become an integral factor in making the sexual beings that we eventually get to be. From our hereditary inclinations to how our associates influence our advancement, our childhoods have a tendency to be one long trek into adulthood that is neither pre-customised or totally formed by outside components, this trek incorporates the blooming of our sexual nature. his debate is concerned with the extent to which particular aspects of behaviour reflectsRead MoreAnalysis Of Herbert Blumer s Social Movement1738 Words   |  7 Pages(lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, etc,) movement strive to gain equality and acceptance for people of all genders and sexual orientations in modern day society while ending discrimination against these individuals with regards to employment, housing, social opportunity, and more (Levy, 2015). This particular social movement illustrates the prevalence of psychology in modern-day social groups because individuals are likely to align their beliefs and actions to group they identify with. TheRead MoreThe Cultural Considerations Involved With Counseling The Lgbt Community1020 Words   |  5 PagesUniversity of the Incarnate Word August 2014 Abstract The purpose of this paper is to explore various considerations when counseling members of the lesbian, bisexual, gay and transgender community (LGBT). When counseling LGBT members, the psychology professional must be aware of various factors that may influence effective treatment. For instance, the historical treatment of the LGBT community by the mental health profession is important to understand in order to make strides at improving institutionalRead MoreHomosexuality: Nature vs. Nurture Essay1208 Words   |  5 PagesSexual orientation is something that people hear about daily in the news, media, and daily lives of others, especially when it comes to the field of psychology and the nature versus nurture debate. For being as commonly debated and discussed as it is, there are many questions that come along with it: what is sexual orientation, how do people know their sexual orientation, what causes homosexuality, is it normal, is it possible to change, and can wanting LGBT, lesb ian, gay, bisexual, and transgenderRead MoreHomosexuality : What Causes Homosexuality?1404 Words   |  6 PagesCharizma Bush What causes homosexuality? During my abnormal psychology section in class something that stuck out to me was how homosexuality used to be a diagnosed disorder which is fascinating to me. Also the fact that sexual orientation is on a scale from 100% heterosexual to 100% homosexual and no one is fully either one. Knowing this I thought about the new national same-sex marriage law and how it brought up a lot of controversy recently that has been a struggle for years and years. There areRead MoreHomosexuality From A Biological Perspective1118 Words   |  5 Pagesthree points to argue that homosexuality is natural and not by choice. Hormonal changes during pregnancy can alter the unborn child’s sexual preference even before delivery. Some professionals believe brain physicality also has a role to play in homosexuality. With a look even further into the brain, DNA was also found to potentially play a factor in sexual orientation due to the alteration in epi-markers which result in homosexuality. Homosexuality is most commonly described as being physicallyRead MoreEssay about Homosexuality: Nature or Nurture?1275 Words   |  6 Pagesshows that it’s more of a biological thing and is truly based on genetics (Murphy, 2011). This study also found that the correlation went deeper than previously thought. It found that twins that shared the same egg tended to take the same role in sexual activities (Murphy, 2011). That was something psychologists believed to be preposterous, but the research backed it up (Murphy, 2011). Research didn’t stop with the genes of homosexual males; there were a number of correlation studies done (Blanchard

General Overview Of The Disease - 1367 Words

1) General overview of the disease a. History (who discovered it, well known people who had it, where it started, medical advances in past treatment) Alfred Velpeau discovered leukemia in 1825, and in 1847 Rudolf Virchow discovered a reversed white and red blood cell balance, more red blood cells than white. He named the disease as leukà ¤mie. Some well known people in the world who had the disease are Kareem Abdul Jabar, and the Colts head Coach Chuck Pagano. Leukemia was not officially diagnosed until 1845, when John Hughes found it in him, he lived in Edinburg in Europe. There have been no medical advances in the past 180 years, but in modern day they treat it with basic chemo therapy or drugs that help replace blood cells. b. What part of the body does it affect? Leukemia affects your entire body. It starts somewhere in the blood line and spreads through the body. New blood cells are produced in the bone marrow which are mostly red, but when you have leukemia, your body makes more white cells than it needs and can’t fight the infection. c. What is going on inside the body? (What is physically, chemically, or emotionally going on inside the body because of the disease?) Physically you will get tired as you may have to go through chemotherapy. You will lose your hair and will get weaker. Chemically the white blood cells take over and keep reproducing, which then spread across the body. Emotionally you are sad, because you fighting to stay alive and many people donShow MoreRelatedLymphatic Disease : A General Overview Essay888 Words   |  4 PagesLymphatic Filarial Disease: A General Overview Lymphatic filarial disease is a disease that is caused by a parasitic infection of the lymphatic system. The parasites that cause this disease are found in the roundworm nematode family -- there are three types that cause it. The primary one is Wuchereria bancrofti; the other two are Brugia malayi, and Brougia timori (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2013). The severity of infection ranges from asymptomatic, acute clinical, to chronicRead MoreDiabetes Essay examples1471 Words   |  6 Pagesone of the leading causes of death and disability in the United States. It has contributed to over 193,140 deaths in 1996. It is associated with long term disorder that affects almost every major part in your body. It can cause blindness, heart disease, strokes, kidney failure, amputations, and nerve damage. Diabetes is a metabolism disorder. A metabolism disorder affects the digestion of food in the body. After eating, most food is broken down by glucose, which is the main fuel for the bodyRead MoreEarly Onset Of Alzheimer s Disease1742 Words   |  7 PagesAlive Dementia is the general term for a decline in mental ability severe enough to interfere with daily life. 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Macao Job Vacancy Issues in Hospitality Industry Free Essays

Macao Job Vacancy Issues in Hospitality Industry Statistic Analysis Introduction This report analyses key factors which result in vacancy issue in Macao hospitality industry with supportive statistics and information basically from 2009 to 2011. Since 2009, the influx tourist flow keeps enlarging the tourism market. [18] In 2011 every Macao labour has received at least 80 tourists. We will write a custom essay sample on Macao Job Vacancy Issues in Hospitality Industry or any similar topic only for you Order Now (D1) The problem is that tourist growth rate (up to15. 1% in 2010 and down to 12. 2%) has far exceeded the number of labour growth rate (1. 5% in 2010, to 3. % in 2011) of Macao, and the difference keeps becoming larger during the last three years. (D5)So Macao labor market is obviously unable to feed the tourism industry employment gradually expanding need. [2] Job vacancy issues description In 2008 to 2010 periods, the total percentage of vacancy jobs has been growing with the total amount of job offered in hospitality industry from 7% to 8% in the total 50,271 offered jobs in 2010. According to the research, the hospitality job vacancy problem mainly occurred on both management position (such as company leader and senior manager) and rank-and-file position. In the same period, management position vacancies drop from 3% in 2008 and ended up with 1% in all vacancy jobs). Rank-and-file position vacancies’ occupation grew from 88. 2% in 2008 to 88. 5 %( 4,099 vacancies) in 2010 among all the job vacancies. Particularly, waiter/waitress, unskilled workers vacancies takes over 95% in the rank-and-file vacancies during the three years. Reasons for job vacancy issue analysis There are two reasons cause the management position vacancy. First, limited quality of labor market. Till 2011, there are 26% of the total Macao labors are holding a college or higher educational degree, this percentage would be 15. 8% if excluded imported workers apart. [3][4]Moreover, the language skills would bring the percentage even lower, as the most regular used language is Cantonese (83. 30%), and followed by Mandarin(5%), and English (2. 30%) respectively in 2011. Second, the lack of international exposure, makes Macao labors less competitive in the market, because of small amount of travels and business activities outside to western ountries. As for the rank-and-file job vacancy issue, mostly owes to: lower salary, lower status, and restricted labor importing policy. Low salary, especially for waiter/waitress, unskilled workers(around MOP6000), if compare with that(about MOP10,000) (D7)of rank-and-file positions in gaming industry which owns the similar job requirement; In Macau, there are common negative attitudes toward some rank-and-file jobs, because of social status c oncerns. Jobs like waiter/waitress, cleaning and house keeping, is always in need. Conclusion and Recommendations In conclusion, with the rapid development of tourism industry, issues like naturally lacking of human resource(267,200 local labours[10]), limited qualified manpower[14] and restricted labor importing policy, together will affect efficiency and effectiveness of the hospitality industry. In order to solve the job vacancy issues, government on the one hand, acts as a profound role in guaranteeing the benefit and priorities for local labors, in the short term; On the other hand government has being taken step improving the education system during the years, by subsidizing application for studying professional subjects and tertiary education, [13]in the long term. Recommendations for a company, such as arranging more practical training on management concepts and skills to develop local talents for senior positions; Language training to cater to international customers and management is also an alternative; Bring in certificate recognition system could be a good way to measure competence or set standard for employment, promotion and reward. Finally, it’s also the individual responsibility to making full use of the resources offered by public and private organization, get to ready for the global competition. Reference: [1] 4 ? 2011 2] : http://news. china. com. cn/local/2012-03/29/content_25017774. htm [3] 1. 8? http://www. macaodaily. com/html/2012-04/24/content_692714. htm [4] 13/2010 http://bo. io. gov. mo/bo/i/2010/22/regadm13_cn. asp [5]2. 6 , , ,2011 [6] http://www. bizintelligenceonline. com/content/view/229/10/lang,/ [7] http://www. newmacau. org/cms/index. php? option=com_contentview=articleid=1290:2011-06-12-04-17-20catid=9:20 09-10-14-10-38-30Itemid=23 [8] http://www. chengpou. om. mo/news/2011/12/9/19932. html [9] ,2009 http://www. al. gov. mo/diario/l03/cs1-4/2009-120%20%2801-05%29. pdf [10] , ,2011 [11] 14 15 http://www. gov. cn/jrzg/2007-09/12/content_746039. htm [12] – http://www. dsal. gov. mo/chinese/dfpcourse. htm [13]Government to create databank for securing young talent http://www. macaudailytimes. com. mo/macau/35383-Government-create-databank-for-securing-young-talent. html [14] http://www. macaodaily. com/html/2011-12/31/content_660715. htm [15] http://www. acaodaily. com/html/2011-12/20/content_657692. htm [16] http://www. macaodaily. com/html/2012-03/19/content_682512. htm [17]Macao workers happier, concerns lurking http://www. macaudailytimes. com. mo/macau/34953-Macau-workers-happier-concerns-lurking. html [18]Macau’s GDP growth rate slows to 20. 7 pct in 2011 http://www. macaunews. com. mo/content/view/1667/53/lang,english/ [19] http://www. dsec. gov. mo/Statistic. aspx Diagram 1: 2008~2010 ( : ) | |2008? |2009? |2010? | | |2293. 3185 |2175. 214 |2496. 5411 | | |323. 4 |323. 9 |336. 3 | [pic] : ; Diagram 2: 2009~2010 ( : ) [pic] : -2010? 11 ; 2010~2011 ( : ) [pic] : -2011? 11 ; Diagram 3: 2009~2011 ( : ) |2009? | | |? 1? |? 2? |? 3? |? 4? | | |15176 |14250 |17272 |18222 | | 9216 |7027 |9331 |10325 | | |5960 |7223 |7941 |7897 | |2010? | | |? 1? |? 2? |? 3? |? 4? | | |14860 |29878 |44460 |45585 | | |8845 |12753 |14705 |13769 | | |6015 |17125 |29775 |31816 | |2011? | | |? 1? |? 2? |? 3? |? 4? | | 47404 |52525 |64091 |60961 | | |14199 |16912 |19554 |21278 | | |33205 |35613 |44537 |39683 | : ; Diagram 4: [pic] : ; Diagram 5: [pic] | |2009? |2010? |2011? | | |-1. 00% |1. 50% |3. 80% | | |-6. 20% |15. 10% |12. 20% | Diagram 6: 2008? ~2010 ( 😕 ) | |2008? 2009? |2010? | | |6617 |6490 |6470 | | |6468 |6340 |7850 | | |5619 |6080 |6100 | | |5633 |5820 |5830 | | |10045 |10580 |10730 | | |13974 |13360 |13710 | : ; Diagram 7: 2008? ~2010 pic] : ; Diagram 8: ( : ) [pic] : ; Diagram 9: | | (? ) | (? ) | (? ) | | |15. 7(5. 0%) |13. 9(4. 3%) |14. 8(4. 4%) | | |52. 3(16. 6%) |55. 8(17. 4%) |52. 5(15. 7%) | | |172. 6(54. 7%) |177. 6(55. 5%) |189. 8(56. 6%) | | |75. 2(23. 8%) |73. 0(22. 8%) |78. 3(23. %) | | |315. 8 |320. 2 |335. 4 | : ; Diagram 11: | | : | | : | : , | | : | : , , | | : | : | | : ? 4-5 3 , | | | : , ( ) | | | : | | | : | | : | : , | | : 18-45? | : , | | : | : , | | : | : , | | : ( ) | | | : , , | | : ; How to cite Macao Job Vacancy Issues in Hospitality Industry, Essay examples

Impact of the Oil and Gas Exploration

Question: Discuss the impact of the Oil and Gas exploration. Answer: The essay discusses the impact of the Oil and Gas exploration, production and distribution on the environment. In particular, the essay discusses the impact of activities undertaken by oil and gas industries on the water pollution. The essay has also discussed the measure that can be taken to minimize water pollution caused by oil and gas industries. Since the discovery of crude oil, it has huge impact on the civilization and with the advent of industrial revolution and until today is the single most sought after natural resource (Nissen et al. 2014). Oil has become the driving force for the development of economy for every country. Many of the economy are running on the revenues earned from petroleum and it has been the centre stage for many modern day wars. Although, most of the countries depend on the oil and gas for its energy needs and actively produce or take part in petroleum trade activities, to boost their economy; these practices have cause serious damage to the environment either intentionally or unknowingly. One of the major problems linked with this dependency on oil is the extremely destructive effects that extraction, production and distribution have on the environment (Merrill and Schizer 2013). Environment pollution by oil and gas industries activities has caused significant damage to the environment by oil waste dumping into the ground, pollution during the production process, oil spills, gas flaring, etc. It has affected the surrounding wildlife and natural habitat for many species. The source of pollution in the oil and gas industry is entangled in all the stages of exploration, extraction process, storage and transportation of petroleum oil. It may be due to release of pollutants correlated with the oil and gas industry into the environment. The major causes of oil spills are flow lines and pipeline leakages. Blowouts from wellheads due to inadequate maintenance and oil spills from flow stations also contribute to marine pollution (Chu and Majumdar 2012). Oil spills releases hazardous hydrocarbons into the environment. These spills affect vast stretches of ocean beds adversely affecting the marine life. Mangrove forests are particularly affected by the oil spills as they have a tendency to absorb oil and then rerelease it every rainy season, thereby magnifying the impact of pollution. In the due process, the efficiency of mangrove trees in photosynthesis decreases the trees subsequently withers and dies. Mangroves are important for ecosystem in many as they acts as buffer between land and sea and helps in protecting soil erosion in coastal areas; in addition mangroves also acts as a breeding ground for many species. Another source of water pollution by oil and gas exploration is the discharge of effluents into the water bodies (Jackson 2014). In the process of exploration, activities like cuttings and drilling, mud and fluids are used for stimulating production. Chemicals are also used in seismic activities that are harmful for the environment. The key constituents of drill cuttings when discarded onto the ground restrict native plant growth and in the water bodies, these materials disperses, sinks, and may kill plants and animals living at the bottom. The dumping of wastes in the sea from oil facilities is directly linked with the fish stocks (Vidic et al. 2013). Exploratory drilling results in gas venting and flaring which causes natural hazards and risks in the form of well blowouts, localized land subsidence and land and water contamination. Exploratory drilling and production method requires drilling and cutting activities that releases contaminated water and toxic spillages into the marine ecosystem. It causes surface water pollution in the form of creating a layer above the surface of water, this phenomenon is known as interphase. Drilling activities by oil and gas industry disrupts ground water systems and flows in the form of hydraulic fracturing (Rahm et al. 2013). These activities results in climate change in the form of extreme weather conditions, rise in sea level, temperature rise and reduced water availability. In the refining of crude oil, huge quantity of water is used that makes the water unsuitable for consumption or agricultural uses and is discharged in the water bodies that further pollutes the water resources. Pollution of underground water caused by oil and gas explorations is serious threat. Oil spills, effluent discharges seeps into the soil and contaminates the underground water (Olmstead et al. 2013). Oil and gas resources procures a lot of revenues for the government, therefore, the environmental concerns are often being violated by the companies. The impact of ecological imbalance and the phenomenon of global warming have forced the governments and the companies to adopt a sustainable development path as the problem is not for only for a particular country or geographical region but is a matter of concern for the whole world. The activities of Oil and Gas industry have to adopt sustainable development both socially and environmentally (Bamberger and Oswald 2012). Oil and gas industry requires vast quantities of water in the refining stage of petroleum and thereby contaminates water in the form of effluents, wash water and cooling water discharges (Davies et al. 2014). Contamination of water due to water effluents that are rich in inorganic salts renders the water unsuitable for livestock usages. This situation can be avoided if the oil company they install water treatment facility near the petroleum refining centre and discharge the water into the water bodies such as rivers or ocean after proper treatment. In addition, the treated water can be reused by the oil and gas industry to minimize water wastages and subsequent pollution of water (Rozell and Reaven 2012). The effluents produces in the process of refining contains inorganic salts that non-biodegradable and hazardous for the aquatic ecosystem therefore it is necessary for the refining companies to treat these effluents with neutralization agents before discharging into the water bodies. The process of aeration, flocculation, oil separation, carbon absorption, reverse osmosis, bio treating, etc, must be employed for treating wastewaters before discharging it into the water bodies. Wastewaters discharged from the refining facilities are of high temperature than that of the receiving water bodies this causes thermal pollution (Warner et al. 2013). Discharge of liquid effluents into the water bodies must conform to the standards determined by laws and regulations of each country. Solid wastes that have a tendency to seep due to rains must be kept in closed and isolated containers to prevent contamination of ground water and surface water bodies by the drainage process (deMelo 2014). Avoid oil spills through better pipeline management, introduction of reinjection techniques and halting methane flaring. Investment should be made on Research and development activities to find better and sustainable sources of energy. Government must act to decrease dependency on petroleum and provide incentives to encourage the use of renewable and greener sources of energy, focus on achieving fuel efficiency and fuel conservation (Merrill and Schizer 2013). Specific measures can be to reduce the impact on environment from oil and gas production. In order to identify and implement mitigation measures, it is important to analyze potential negative impact on the environment. Then project and location of the project must be must be evaluated from all aspects i.e. financial, social, environmental to determine whether the project can be executed following the sustainability principle and minimizing the damage of the environment (Vengosh et al. 2014). Many of the water pollution issues can be avoided by adopting appropriate mitigation measures. Most of the water related issues in oil and gas industry is associated with project footprint as soil erosion, changes in water runoff patterns, contamination of underground water, harm of marine biodiversity, oil spills, etc. Many of these issues can be avoided if the companies act responsibly and develop project following the principles of sustainability at the designing stage of the project and predetermining the measures to avoid environmental damage (Murray 2013). The oil and gas companies need to adopt proactive approach in their business instead of reactive approach, because the impacts of mismanagement of the operations or activities usually have major impact on the environment (Olmstead et al. 2013). Various steps that an oil and gas company can adopt to minimize the damage of water bodies may include identifying and avoiding unstable slopes to protect ground water conditions, seismic activity and geologic structure. Proper research of local hydrogeology in order to identify areas of ground water discharge and recharge and the relationships between surface water bodies and ground water quality (Ferrar et al. 2013). It is important not to build conduit between two water bodies; discharge of untreated effluents to the local water bodies, rivers, wetlands must be avoided as these water bodies; use of special construction techniques to avoid water runoffs and using existing drainage systems in sensitive areas such as erodible soils and steep slopes. It is important to minimize the impact on environment at all the stages of oil exploration to retailing to be able to develop sustainably (Carson et al. 2013). The oil and gas companies are regulated by various laws to protect the environment from unchecked exploration, production and distribution activities of petroleum industries. However, due to the negligence either on the part of government or the oil companies to comply with these laws has caused severe damage to the environment. For instance, the petroleum exploration in Nigeria led to large-scale violations of environment laws and the government did nothing to address the issue rather it acted as a partner of oil companies, also the oil spill by BP had hugely impacted the marine ecosystem. Therefore, to address these issues it is important to build a centralized, global and autonomous body look into the affairs of oil and gas companies and defining guidelines for the petroleum industries. It is important to demark ecologically sensitive areas and restrict the activities of oil and gas companies on those areas. In addition, it is important to search for greener sources of energy and reduce the dependency on petroleum. The government needs to invest heavily on the research and development of finding alternative sources of energy and build infrastructure to reduce the usage of oil and gas. The oil companies also have the responsibility to restore the environment damaged by their activities and take step to reduce its footprints on the environment. Usage of efficient technology and equipments, proper maintenance of pipelines, waste disposable mechanisms has to be adopted and followed rigorously. With the use of technology that has been made available to in the recent years, oil and gas companies can minimize pollution and can contribute in making a cleaner environment. Some of these technologies are Green Completions that helps in capturing the leaked natural gas from the well and makes available for use; Plunger Lift System is used to remove the blockages from the oil wells formed from liquid accumulation and increases the efficiency, some of the other technologies include pipeline maintenance and repair systems, TEG dehydrator emission control, desiccant dehydrators, dry seal systems, automated leak monitoring and repair mechanisms etc. With the inclusion of these technologies oil and gas pollution can be contained and it also saves precious natural resources (Olmstead et al. 2013). It can be concluded from the above discussion, that externalities of oil and gas exploration and production have resulted in profound adverse effect on the environment. The level of pollution caused by oil and gas companies has increased considerably and has diluted the quality of air, water, soil, etc. Oil and gas industry has significantly contributed in water pollution; the water bodies including fresh water sources to oceans have been polluted by the activities of oil and gas companies. The fresh water sources such as rivers, lakes or underground water reserves near the exploration, production or distribution centers have a poor quality of water. In addition, the offshore activities of oil and gas companies in the deep sea have polluted the ocean water and have posed huge risks for the fragile marine ecosystem. Therefore, it is important for the oil companies to understand the harmful effects of pollution caused by their activities and develop business models on the principles of environmental sustainability using modern techniques and equipments to minimize the damage on the environment. References Bamberger, M. and Oswald, R.E., 2012. Impacts of gas drilling on human and animal health. New solutions: a journal of environmental and occupational health policy, 22(1), pp.51-77. Carson, R., Conaway, M.B., Hanemann, W.M., Krosnick, J.A., Mitchell, R.C. and Presser, S., 2013. Valuing oil spill prevention: a case study of Californias central coast (Vol. 5). Springer Science Business Media. Chu, S. and Majumdar, A., 2012. Opportunities and challenges for a sustainable energy future. nature, 488(7411), pp.294-303. Davies, R.J., Almond, S., Ward, R.S., Jackson, R.B., Adams, C., Worrall, F., Herringshaw, L.G., Gluyas, J.G. and Whitehead, M.A., 2014. Oil and gas wells and their integrity: Implications for shale and unconventional resource exploitation. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 56, pp.239-254. de Melo-Martn, I., Hays, J. and Finkel, M.L., 2014. The role of ethics in shale gas policies. Science of the Total Environment, 470, pp.1114-1119. 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